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z = 20 + 50 puts z.tainted a = File.open("somefile").readlines.first puts a.tainted b = ENV["PATH"] puts b.tainted c = [a, b] puts c.tainted

This might not seem very interesting, but believe me it is. This is your gateway to hackerdom your first step in taking control over your computer. In more pragmatic terms, it s an interactive Python interpreter. Just to see if it s working, try the following: >>> print "Hello, world!"

Note One of the preceding examples depends on somefile being a file that actually exists in the local

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The first three examples are all operating upon data that is already defined within the program (literal data), so are not considered tainted. The last three examples all involve data from external sources (a contains the first line of a file, and b contains information from the operating system s environment). So, why is the last example considered untainted c is considered untainted because c is merely an array containing references to a and b. Although a and b are both tainted, an array containing them is not. Therefore, it s necessary to check whether each piece of data you use is tainted, rather than checking an overall data structure.

many of the graphics probably are an aesthetic mismatch for the audience of the sample presentation in this book senior nancial executives. For example, the clip art example of a clipboard on the upper right is done in a cartoon style that might make your message come across as not being serious as the topic at hand. The clip art example on the lower left includes hands that are marking up the clipboard, but it s an aesthetic mismatch because the image also is in a cartoon style and comes across as too playful and not aligned with the aesthetic style of most marketing material in the more conservative nancial services industry. Using a photograph of someone holding a clipboard is in the realm of possibility, but this example on the lower right is too playful for the context, and it s also hard to see the clipboard because it is such a small percentage of the screen area. This is a good example of why you need to be careful when using a photograph that has a person in it, especially on a Key Point or an Explanation slide. The photo of the person in this example will distract attention away from the point of the headline and prompt thoughts in the viewer s mind such as, I wonder if I should know this person, or We never walk around with our thumbs up in our of ce, or I m personally not a fan of his haircut. Again, this is not about whether these example graphics are good or bad, because they all would work perfectly well within other contexts, just not for this audience of nancial executives.

Note An alternative to having to do any checks is to set the safe level of the Ruby interpreter, and any

potentially dangerous operations will be disabled for you. This is covered in the following section.

An important consideration when you re using graphics from commonly used sources is to be careful not to use images that you ve seen everywhere else, because if an image is perceived as trite or overused, it will distract from your headline as well.

Note If you are familiar with other computer languages, you may be used to terminating every line with a semicolon. There is no need to do so in Python. A line is a line, more or less. You may add a semicolon if you like, but it won t have any effect (unless more code follows on to the same line), and it is not a common thing to do.

It s possible to force an object to be seen as untainted by calling the untaint method on the object. For example, here s an extremely safe version of your Ruby interpreter:

However, it s incredibly useless, because all data accepted from the user is considered tainted, so nothing is ever run. Safety by inactivity! Let s assume, however, that you ve come up with a method that can tell if a certain operation is safe: